冬小麦抗旱性与膜脂过氧化的关系及其氮素调控机理

为了探明干旱条件下小麦拔节期膜质过氧化物质以及保护酶系之间关系及其氮素调控机理,在大田试验条件下,测定了两个不同抗旱性小麦品种郑麦9023(水地品种,抗旱性差)和长武134(旱地品种,抗旱性强)在不同施氮量条件下拔节期叶片MDA、H2O2含量以及SOD、CAT活性的变化.结果表明,抗旱性和小麦叶片的保护酶活性和膜质伤害物质的含量密切相关,而且受氮素营养的调控.抗旱品种相对不抗旱品种具有较高的SOD和CAT活性,而MDA和H2O2较低;MDA和H2O2含量随施氮量的增加呈现先降后升的趋势,而SOD和CAT则呈相反的变化趋势.适量施用氮素对抗旱性建立的贡献主要表现在其降低了超氧阴离子的产量,从而使SOD活性降低和CAT活性提高,使得H2O2和MDA含量维持在较低水平.     

Interaction between water-soluble carbohydrate reserves and defoliation severity on the regrowth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominant swards

A field-study was undertaken in Hamilton, New Zealand to determine if there was an interaction between water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserve content and defoliation severity on the regrowth of perennial ryegrass-dominant swards during winter. Perennial ryegrass plants with either low or high WSC content were obtained by varying the defoliation frequency. At the third defoliation at the one-leaf stage and at the first defoliation at the three-leaf stage (harvest H₁), swards were mown with a rotary lawnmower to residual stubble heights of 20, 40 or 60 mm. All swards were then allowed to regrow to the three-leaf stage before again defoliating to their treatment residual stubble heights (H₂). Frequently defoliated plants contained proportionately between 0·37 and 0·48 less WSC in the stubble after defoliation, depending on the severity of defoliation. There was no interaction between WSC content and defoliation severity for herbage regrowth between harvests H₁ and H₂. Herbage regrowth was lower from swards containing low WSC plants compared with high WSC plants (2279 vs. 2007 kg DM ha⁻¹). Furthermore, swards defoliated to 20 or 40 mm had greater herbage regrowth compared with those defoliated to 60 mm (2266, 2249 and 1914 kg DM ha⁻¹ for swards defoliated to residual stubble heights of 20, 40 and 60 mm, respectively). Regrowth of perennial ryegrass was positively correlated with post-defoliation stubble WSC content within defoliation severity treatment, implying that WSC contributed to the defoliation frequency-derived difference in herbage yield. However, the effect of defoliation severity on herbage regrowth was not associated with post-defoliation stubble WSC content.     

Yield and yield-attributing traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under lowland drought and suitability of early vigor as a selection criterion

Fifteen experiments testing seven sets of genotypes under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situations were conducted from 2004 to 2006 with the objective to study the effect of different severity levels of drought on tolerant and susceptible advanced breeding lines, current varieties, and traditional and improved donors, and to study the effect of selection for high early vigor on yield. With the onset of drought, a yield reduction due to a decrease in biomass was observed in both susceptible and tolerant lines. However, after an initial reduction in yield, tolerant lines were able to sustain a yield loss more effectively than susceptible lines by better maintenance of biomass and higher harvest index. Under intermittent drought stress, genotypes with the ability to maintain higher biomass, reflected in terms of high early vigor recorded 3 wk after transplanting, recorded higher grain yield than genotypes with low early vigor. Lines with high early vigor yielded higher under both irrigated non-stress and intermittent drought stress situations. Under intermittent stress, plants with high vigor, low vigor, or random plants with high or low vigor coming from tolerant × susceptible crosses yielded higher than did the plants with the same vigor coming from susceptible × susceptible crosses. Under both irrigated non-stress and intermittent drought stress situations, early vigor showed significant genetic correlation with grain yield and could be included as an efficient selection criterion to improve yield in the lowlands.     

Investigating early vigour in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.): Part II. Identification of QTLs controlling early vigour under greenhouse and field conditions

Early vigour is an important characteristic for direct-seeded rice systems. The genetic control of early vigour was studied using a population of 129 backcross lines derived from a cross between Vandana, an improved indica, and Moroberekan, a traditional japonica. Screening was conducted under controlled conditions in greenhouse and field conditions, and indicators of early vigour, including shoot length, shoot biomass, leaf area, number of roots, root biomass, partitioning coefficients, and growth rates, were measured. Phenotypic correlations suggested that traits that were related and combined could be used to define early vigour. Broad-sense heritability ranged from moderate to high. Many regions were identified containing more than one QTL, suggesting that these traits were controlled by pleiotropic and/or closely linked QTLs. Many QTLs were specific to one environment but G × E interaction analysis showed that the main effects of the environment were large. Differences in temperature between experiments resulted in large differences in seedling age when expressed in thermal time. Different genes (QTLs) may be expected to control growth at different time intervals and thus may partly explain the limited agreement between experiments. However, several regions showed co-location of QTLs from more than one experiment. Comparisons with published studies revealed that these regions were previously identified in different genetic backgrounds and could potentially be used as introgression targets in a marker-assisted breeding program to improve germplasm for direct-seeded environments.     

冬小麦抗寒性的研究进展

抗寒力强是冬小麦能够在严寒地区生长的一个关键因素。由于温度低,积温不够,一般农作物只能一年一熟,土地利用率低,因此提高冬小麦的抗寒性对农业,特别是高寒地区农业生产具有十分重要的意义。文章综述了冬小麦抗寒性的最新研究进展,包括抗寒性的影响因素研究、抗寒性机制研究、抗寒性育种及栽培研究等情况,提出了我国在冬小麦抗寒性研究中的不足及解决办法。     

谷子发芽期和幼苗前期耐盐性鉴定指标的研究

采用5种不同浓度的NaCl胁迫,以谷子发芽期发芽势和发芽率的相对盐害率以及幼苗前期的根长和苗高的相对盐害率作为鉴定评价指标,研究谷子发芽期和幼苗前期耐盐性鉴定的盐胁迫条件。结果表明：200 mmol/L或250 mmol/L NaCl处理可作为谷子发芽期耐盐性鉴定的盐胁迫条件;150 mmol/L或200 mmol/LNaCl处理可作为谷子幼苗前期耐盐性鉴定的盐胁迫条件。     

青草镇“3414”早稻肥料效应田间试验

用“3414”回归最优设计进行了早稻肥效试验,获得肥料效应函数方程,由此得出理论氮磷钾最佳施肥量。其中,肥料施用量N 200 kg/hm^2、P2O591 kg/hm^2和K2O 120 kg/hm^2,最佳产量8 786 kg/hm^2。综合分析不同推荐施肥方法的推荐施肥量,结合当地农业生产实际,建议氮、磷和钾肥推荐施用量分别为200 kg/hm^2、40 kg/hm^2和120 kg/hm^2。     

塔里木灌区冬灌对盐分运移的影响

本文通过研究冬灌对塔里木灌区盐分运移的影响,得出随着冬灌定额的增加,土壤的PH值、总盐及盐分组成等变化趋势不同的结果。结合本地区的地下水位、棉花苗期的耐盐性等因素,得出适合本地区的冬灌定额为3500m3/hm2。     

设施耐寒性油菜的品比试验

通过对小白菜型油菜的8个品种的可溶性糖、维生素C、叶绿素等品质和电导率、产量及形态指标的测定并进行对比分析,结果表明:四月慢、五月慢形态上表现最好,具有较强的抗寒性,产量较高,但四月慢的品质相对较差;青帮油菜、苏州青的综合品质较其它品种好.因此,适合于本地区春季种植的品种是五月慢、青帮油菜和苏州青.     

冬小麦旗叶光合速率对光强度和CO_2浓度的响应

通过控制光强度、CO2浓度和温度等因素,研究华北平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)在抽穗期旗叶光合作用对光响应、CO2响应以及气孔导度对光的响应.结果表明: 在控制环境条件下,光合速率随光强度的增加而增大直至饱和光强度,然后随光强度的增加而降低直至出现光抑制;光合速率随CO2浓度的增加而增加,达到饱和CO2浓度后,光合速率几乎不变;冬小麦叶片气孔导度随光强度的增加而增加直至饱和光强度,然后随光强度的增加而降低.在气温为20和25 ℃、CO2浓度相同(360 μmol·mol-1)的条件下,冬小麦的最大光合速率几乎不变,但温度影响冬小麦的饱和光强度.